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Making connections: Introduction to human systems for massage therapists

What do we need to know about the human bodies under our hands in order to be a safe, effective, and empowered healthcare provider?

 

Source: http://conenosebug.wikispaces.com/file/view/Human_body_systems_1.jpg/228433226/Human_body_systems_1.jpg

 

This e-Book provides a comprehensive foundation in human anatomy, physiology, and pathology for massage therapists. Completing the material in this e-Book will give the student a better grounding and more thorough understanding of the client bodies we work with underneath our hands, as well as of the diversity of life in the world around us. This material is prerequisite knowledge for massage educational objectives, as outlined by various stakeholders in the following table.

 

Massage educational objectives addressed by this e-Book

Guidelines document Learning objective
College of Massage Therapists of British Columbia (CMTBC) Guidelines for Foundational Knowledge
  • Define and describe levels of structural organization, characteristics of the living human organism and anatomical terminology
  • Define and describe the chemical level of organization
  • Define and describe the cellular level of organization
  • Define and describe biochemical lesions
  • Differentiate between external and internal causes of cell damage
  • Describe how each of the following may lead to cell and tissue damage: genetic error, ischemia, inappropriate immune responses
  • Define and describe apoptosis and necrosis
  • Define and describe the changes in extracellular degeneration
  • Define and describe the causes, characteristics and sequelae of acute and chronic inflammation
  • Define the mechanisms through which chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and cicatrization, contracture and cicatrization, loss of normal function, granulomas, ulceration
  • Define and describe the regulation of healing
  • Levels of organization
    • chemical
    • cellular
    • tissue
    • organ
    • system
    • organism
  • Characteristics of the living human organism
    • basic life processes
    • metabolism
    • responsiveness
    • movement
    • growth
    • differentiation
    • reproduction
    • homeostasis
    • body fluids
    • feedback systems
    • homeostatic imbalances
  • Anatomical terminology
    • anatomic/anatomical position
    • major divisions of the body
    • major body parts
    • body positions
    • regions of the body
    • location terminology
    • directional terms
    • planes, sections and axes
    • body cavities
    • abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
    • body movements
  • Principles of Physiology
    • Define and describe fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis
    • Homeostasis
      • Control of homeostasis
      • Fluid compartments and fluid balance
      • Electrolytes in fluid balance
      • pH and acid-base balance
    • Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
    • Buffer systems
  • Principles of Histology
    • Define and describe the types and histological features of the major body tissue types
    • Epithelial tissue
      • origins of epithelial tissue
      • cell junctions
      • arrangement of cell layers and shapes
        • simple epithelium
        • simple squamous
        • simple cuboidal
        • simple columnar (ciliated and non-ciliated)
        • pseudostratified columnar (ciliated and non-ciliated)
        • stratified epithelium
        • stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized)
        • stratified cuboidal
        • stratified columnar
        • transitional
    • Connective tissue
      • general features
      • connective tissue cells
      • extracellular matrix
      • classifications
        • embryonic
        • mesenchyme
        • mucous connective tissue
        • mature
          • loose connective tissue
            • areolar connective tissue
            • adipose tissue
            • reticular
          • dense connective tissue
            • dense regular connective tissue
            • dense irregular connective tissue
          • elastic connective tissue
            • cartilage
              • hyaline cartilage
              • fibrocartilage
              • elastic cartilage
              • bone tissue
            • liquid connective tissue
              • blood
              • lymph
    • Nervous tissue
      • neurons
      • neuroglia
      • myelination
      • white and gray matter
      • connective tissue components
    • Muscle tissue
      • connective tissue components of muscle tissue
      • nerve and blood supply
      • microscopic anatomy
      • muscle proteins
  • Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
    • Define and describe the anatomy of the heart and pericardium
    • Locate the major branches of the systemic circulatory routes
    • Define and describe the hepatic portal circulation
    • Define and describe pulmonary circulation
    • Define and describe fetal circulation
    • Name and locate the major pulses
    • Heart location, wall layers, chambers, valves, components of coronary circulation
      • pericardium
    • Aorta and its branches
    • Veins of the thorax
    • Arteries and veins of the head and neck
    • Arteries and veins of the shoulder and upper extremity
    • Arteries and veins of the pelvis and lower limbs
    • Hepatic portal components
    • Fetal circulatory components
    • Major pulse points: facial artery, superficial temporal artery, common carotid artery, brachial artery, abdominal artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, ulnar artery, radial artery, dorsal artery of the foot (dorsalis pedis artery), tibialis posterior artery
  • Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
    • Define and describe the physiology of cardiac function
    • Define and describe the physiology of cardiovascular and systemic circulation
    • Cardiac action potentials and self-excitation
    • Conduction velocity and refractory periods
    • Excitation-contraction coupling
    • Cardiac cycle
    • Cardiac output
    • Intrinsic regulation and autonomic regulation of heart pumping
    • Functions and distribution of circulation elements (arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, capillaries, capillary beds)
    • Physics of arterial pressures and venous pressures and capacitance
    • Pulmonary circulation
    • Local control of blood flow (acute and long term regulation)
    • Pressures and volumes in pulmonary circulation
    • Nervous and hormonal regulation of tissue blood flows
    • Autonomic regulation (cardiovascular innervation, distribution of sympathetic fibres, function of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone)
    • Rapid nervous control of arterial pressure (baroreceptor mechanisms, chemoreceptor mechanisms, central nervous system ischemic responses)
    • Role of the kidneys in long-term regulation of arterial pressure and in hypertension (regulators of extracellular fluid volume, pressure diuresis and natriuresis, renin-angiotensin system)
    • Cardiac output
    • Micro circulation
    • Regional and systemic blood flow and distribution
    • Muscle blood flow and cardiac output during exercise
    • Coronary circulation
    • Cerebral circulation
    • Splanchnic blood flow
    • Skin blood flow
    • Renal blood flow
    • Capillary fluid exchange and interstitial fluid dynmics[sic]
    • Anastomoses
  • Cardiovascular System Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • Define and describe disorders and diseases of the heart
  • Define and describe diseases of the blood vessels
  • Disturbances in fluid balance
  • Circulatory shock
  • Edema
    • exudate
    • transudate
    • cardiac
    • renal
  • Mechanisms of and differentiation between cardiac and renal edema
  • Mechanisms leading to the formation and destruction of thrombi and thromboses
  • Thrombosis
    • arterial
    • venous
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Phlebothrombosis
  • Embolisms
    • pulmonary
    • arterial
    • thrombo
    • gas
    • fat
    • tumor
  • Developmental heart defects
    • septal defects
    • pulmonary valvular stenosis
    • transposition of vessels with septal defect
    • dextrocardia
    • tetralogy of Fallot
    • patent ductus arterosis
    • coarctation of the aorta
  • Acquired heart defects
    • endocarditis
    • rheumatic
    • non bacterial thrombotic
    • acute infective
    • subacute infective
    • myocarditis
    • pericarditis
  • Valvular disease
    • mitral incompetence and stenosis
    • aortic incompetence and stenosis
  • Ischemia
    • gradual coronary occlusion
    • myocardial ischemia
    • angina pectoris
    • sudden coronary occlusion
    • myocardial infarction (acute myocardial infarction)
    • acute heart failure
    • cardiac dysrhythmia (cardiac arrythmia)
  • Hypertension
  • Hypotension
  • Shock
  • Chronic cardiac overloading with hypertrophy
    • cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease)
    • chronic overloading of the left ventricle
  • Acute cardiac overload
    • massive pulmonary embolism
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Dysrythmias with disturbance of conduction
    • ectopic beats
    • paroxysmal tachycardia
    • atrial and ventricular fibrillation
    • heart block
  • Heart failure
    • right and left ventricular failure
    • congestive heart failure
  • Atrial & ventricular fibrillation
  • Diseases of blood vessels
    • arteries
      • arteriosclerosis
      • atherosclerosis
      • arteritis
        • infective arteritis
        • rheumatoid arteritis
        • thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)
        • giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)
        • polyarteritis nodosa
          • aneurysms
    • Frostbite
    • Decompression syndrome (decompression illness)
    • Pressure sores (decubitus ulcers, bed sores)
    • Vasculitis
    • Diabetic microangiopathy
    • Peripheral vascular disease
      • varicose veins
      • Raynauds’ phenomenon/disease
      • deep vein thrombosis
    • Anemia
      • idiopathic
      • nutritional
      • hemorrhagic
      • hemolytic
        • aplastic
        • secondary
    • Hematomas
  • Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and Immunity
  • Define and describe the anatomy of the lymphatic system
  • Define and describe anatomy of the components of immunity
  • Lymph
  • Major lymphatic ducts
    • thoracic duct
    • right lymphatic duct
  • Primary lymphatic organs
    • red bone marrow
    • thymus
  • Secondary lymphatic organs
    • regional lymph nodes
      • occipital
      • retroauricular/mastoid
      • parotid
      • buccal/facial
      • submandibular
      • submental
      • anterior cervical
      • superficial cervical
      • retropharyngeal
      • laryngeal
      • tracheal
      • deep cervical nodes
      • axillary nodes
      • anterior/pectoral
      • posterior/subscapular
      • lateral
      • central
      • infraclavicular/deltopectoral
      • apical
      • supratrochlear/cubital nodes
      • nodal lymphatic drainage of the thorax
        • axillary
          • internal thoracic
            • intercostal
            • diaphragmatic
            • brachiocephalic
            • posterior mediastinal
            • tracheobronchial
          • nodal lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
            • superficial inguinal
            • deep inguinal
            • popliteal
          • adenoids/pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal nodes
          • spleen
    • Cells and tissues that carry immune responses ie. antigens
  • Physiology of the Lymphatic System and Immunity
  • Define and describe the physiology of the lymphatic system
  • Define and describe the physiology of immunity
  • Drainage of interstitial fluids
  • Transport of dietary lipids
  • Carrying out immune responses
    • Nonspecific resistance
      • first line of defense (skin and mucous membranes)
        • physical factors
        • chemical factors
      • second line of defense (internal defenses)
        • antimicrobial proteins
        • natural killer cells
          • phagocytes
          • inflammation
          • fever
    • Specific resistance
      • T cells and B cells
        • types of immune responses
      • Antigens and antigen receptors
        • Cytokines
      • Cell-mediated immunity
        • T cells
      • Antibody-mediated immunity
        • B cells
      • Stress and immunity
        • Auto immunity
          • Allergies
          • Acute inflammation
            • vascular response
              • cellular exudate
            • sequelae of acute inflammation
            • resolution
              • fibrous organization
              • suppuration
                • abscesses
          • Chronic inflammation
            • infection
            • foreign bodies and other irritants
            • hypersensitivity
            • autoimmune diseases
              • consequences
                • fibrosis and scarring
                • contracture and cicatrization
                • loss of normal function
                • granulomas
                • ulceration
            • Infectious diseases
              • principles
                • toxins and infection
              • sources of infection
                • endogenous
                • exogenous
                • defense against infection
                  • mechanical integrity of epithelial surfaces
                  • decontamination and removal of pathogens
                • spread of infection within a host
                  • factors effecting occurrence and spread of infection
                    • pathogen factors
                      • virulence
                      • dose
                      • site of infection
                      • synergism between and among different pathogens
                    • host factors
                      • resistance to infection
                      • immune competency
                      • low leukocyte count
                      • necrosis and ischemic tissue
                      • opportunistic infection
                        • pyogenic bacterial infections – suppurative inflammation
                        • aerobic toxic infections
                          • microbial infections
                          • pyrogenic bacterial infections
                          • anaerobic toxic infections
                          • spirochete infections
                          • responses to viral infection: local, widespread, immune
                          • viral diseases
                          • fungal infections
                          • histoplasmosis
  • Lymphatic System and Immunity Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the lymphatic system and immunity
  • Edema
  • Lymphaginitis
  • Lymphedema
  • Lymphoma
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Cancer
    • Hodgkin’s disease
    • non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
    • leukemia
    • other cancers are considered within their respective systems
  • Spirochaete infections
    • Lyme disease
    • syphilis
  • Viral diseases
    • herpes virus
    • papillomaviruses
    • enteroviruses
    • influenza viruses
    • rhinoviruses
    • Poliomyelitis
    • Vaccination
  • Fungal infections
    • superficial mycoses
    • fungal pneumonia – pneumocystis carinii
    • yeast infections – candidiasis
  • Pyogenic bacterial infections – suppurative inflammation
    • staphylococcus
    • streptococcus
    • pneumococcus
    • gonococcus
    • meningococcus
  • Anaerobic toxic infections
    • corynebacterium diphtheria
    • yersina pestis
    • clostridium
    • coliforms
    • wound infections
    • cholera
  • Myobacterial infections
    • tuberculosis
  • Anatomy of the Respiratory System
  • Define and describe the anatomy of the respiratory system
  • Upper respiratory tract
    • nose
    • pharynx
  • Lower respiratory tract
    • larynx
    • structures of voice production
    • trachea
    • bronchi
    • lungs
  • Physiology of the Respiratory System
  • Define and describe the physiology of the respiratory system
  • Pulmonary ventilation
    • Lung volumes and capacities
    • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Control of respiration
  • Exercise and the respiratory system
  • Respiratory System Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the respiratory system
  • Respiratory failure type 1 and type 2
    • ventilation/perfusion ratio
    • collapsed lung
  • Congenital anomalies
    • cystic adenomatoid malformation
    • tracheal diverticulum
    • pulmonary lobar sequestrations
  • Respiratory distress syndromes
    • infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)
    • adult respiratory distress syndrome
  • Pulmonary infections
    • acute and chronic bronchitis
    • upper respiratory tract infections
      • common cold
      • sinusitis
      • tonsillitis
      • otitis media
      • pharyngitis
      • laryngitis
    • lower respiratory tract infections
      • streptococcus pneumonia
      • severe acute respiratory syndrome
      • pneumocystis pneumonia
      • tuberculosis
  • Pneumonia (bronchial, lobar and viral)
  • Carcinomas of the lungs
    • metastatic
  • Pleural cavity disease
    • pneumothorax
    • pleural effusion
  • Pleurisy
  • Pneumoconioses
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Other obstructive pulmonary diseases
    • chronic bronchitis
    • bronchiolitis
    • bronchiectasis
    • asthma
    • emphysema
  • Restrictive lung disease
    • Influenza
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Sleep apnea
  • Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System
  • Define and describe the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system
    • Mouth
      • salivary glands
      • tongue
      • teeth
    • Esophagus
    • Stomach
    • Pancreas, liver, gallbladder (See endocrine system, liver and gallbladder)
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
  • Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System
  • Define and describe the physiology of the gastrointestinal system
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth
  • Deglutition
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine
  • Absorption in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine
  • Phases of digestion Resource
  • Gastrointestinal System Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the digestive system
  • Esophagus
    • gastro esophageal reflux disease
  • Stomach
    • hiatus hernia
    • acute gastritis
    • chronic gastritis
    • pyloric stenosis
    • chronic and acute peptic ulceration
    • carcinoma of the stomach
      • adenocarcinoma
  • Intestine and colon
    • constipation
    • celiac disease
    • bacterial infections
    • parasitism
    • Crohn’s disease
    • malabsorption syndrome
    • ulcerative colitis
    • irritable bowel syndrome
    • ischemic bowel disease
    • diverticulosis
    • diverticulitis
    • appendicitis
    • peritonitis
    • gastric volvulus and strangulation
    • bowel ischaemia
    • familial polyposis coli (familial adenomatosus polyposis)
    • colonic and intestinal bacterial intoxication, infection and parasitism
    • carcinoma
      • colorectal
  • General
    • peptic ulcer
    • gastroenteritis
  • Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder
  • Define and describe the anatomy of the liver and gallbladder
    • Liver
      • lobes
      • associated ligaments
      • hilum
      • capsules
      • associated vessels, canals and ducts
    • Gallbladder
      • fundus, body, neck
      • associated vessels and ducts
  • Physiology of Liver and Gallbladder
  • Define and describe the physiological processes of the liver and gallbladder
    • Bile production and secretion
    • Carbohydrate metabolism
    • Lipid metabolism
    • Protein metabolism
    • Processing of drugs and hormones
    • Excretion of bilirubin
  • Synthesis of bile salts
    • Storage
  • Phagocytosis
  • Activation of Vitamin D
  • Storage and concentration of bile
  • Liver and Gallbladder Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the liver and gallbladder
  • Hepatitis (alcoholic, viral and chronic)
    • viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G
  • Cirrhosis of the liver
  • Haemochromatosis
  • Wilson’s disease
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • Primary biliary cirrhosis
  • Glycogen storage disease type 2
  • Portal hypertension
  • Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
  • Cholecystitis
  • Carcinoma
  • Anatomy of the Kidney and Urinary System
  • Define and describe the anatomy of the urinary system
  • Kidney anatomy
    • external
    • internal
  • Kidney blood and nerve supply
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
  • Physiology of the Kidney and Urinary System
  • Define and describe the formation of urine
  • Define and describe the mechanisms which regulate body fluids
  • Define and describe the mechanisms which regulate acid/base balance of body fluids
  • Define and describe the process of micturition
  • Urine formation
    • glomerular filtration
    • tubular reabsorption
    • tubular secretion
  • Evaluation of kidney function
  • Urine transport, storage and elimination
  • Regulation of body fluids
  • Acid-base balance
  • Kidney and Urinary System Pathology
  • Define and describe disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
  • Kidney
    • acquired cystic disease
    • acute and chronic pyelonephritis
    • cystic renal dysplasia
    • acute and chronic renal failure
    • glomerulonephritis
    • diabetic nephropathy
    • polycystic kidney disease Resource
  •   urinary tract
    • urinary tract infections
    • urolithiasis (bladderstones)
    • urinary incontinence (micturition disorders)
    • cystitis
    • Endocrine System Anatomy
    • Define and describe the glands of the endocrine system
    • Pituitary
    • Thyroid
    • Parathyroid
    • Adrenal
    • Pineal
    • (Not exclusively endocrine glands - hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidney, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta) Resource
    • Endocrine System Physiology
    • Define and describe the physiology of the glands of the endocrine system
    • Hormone secretors
      • anterior and posterior pituitary
      • thyroid
      • parathyroid
      • adrenals
      • pineal
      • hypothalamus
      • thymus
      • pancreas
      • ovaries
      • testes
      • kidney
      • stomach
      • liver
      • small intestine
      • skin
      • heart
      • adipose tissue
      • placenta
    • Endocrine System Pathology
    • Define and describe disorders of the endocrine system
    • Pancreas
      • pancreatitis acute and chronic
      • carcinoma
      • diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2
      • pancreatic insufficiency
      • cystic fibrosis
    • Pituitary gland
      • acromegaly
      • hyperpituitary disorders
      • hypopituitarism
      • gigantism
      • pituitary tumors
      • empty sella syndrome
      • Cushing’s syndrome
    • Adrenal glands
      • Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
      • Conn’s syndrome (primary aldosteronism)
    • Thyroid gland
      • hyperthyroidism
      • Grave’s disease
      • hypothyroidism
      • Hashimoto’s disease
    • Parathyroid gland
      • hyperparathyroiditis
    • Integumentary System Anatomy
    • Define and describe the integumentary system
    • Structure of the skin
      • Accessory structures of the skin
      • Types of skin
        • thin (hairy) skin
        • thick (hairless) skin
      • Integumentary System Physiology
      • Define and describe the physiology of the integumentary system
      • Functions of the skin
      • Maintaining homeostasis
      • Wound healing
      • Integumentary System Pathology
      • Define and describe disorders of the integumentary system
        • Bacterial
          • impetigo
          • ecthyma
          • cellulitis
          • erysipelas
          • folliculitis
          • furuncles (abscess/boil)
          • carbuncles
          • hidradenitis supperativa
        • Fungal
          • ringworm (tinea infections)
          • candidiasis (yeast infection)
          • tinea versicolor
        • Parasitic
          • pediculosis (lice infestation)
            • pediculus humanus capitis (head lice)
            • pthirus pubis (crab or pubic lice)
          • scabies
          • mites
        • Viral
          • warts
          • molluscum contagiosum
          • herpes simplex
          • herpes zoster
      • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
        • acne vulgaris
        • acne rosacea
        • pseudofolliculitis barbae
        • allopecia
      • Psoriasis
      • Inflammatory reactions from drugs
        • Acute, sub acute and chronic dermatitis
      • Types of dermatitis
        • primary irritant contact
        • atopic
        • phototoxic
        • photoallergic
        • allergic contact
        • stasis
        • localized scratch (neurodermatitis)
        • seborrheic
        • perioral
      • Carcinomas
        • basal cell
        • basosquamous cell
        • cutaneous papilloma
        • malignant melanoma
        • sebaceous gland neoplasm
        • Urticaria (hives)
        • Corns
        • Ichthiosis
        • Vitiligo
        • Burns
        • Open wounds and sores
        • Scar tissue
        • Keloids
    • Anatomy of the Reproductive System
    • Define and describe the anatomy of the female and male reproductive systems
      • Ovaries
      • Uterine tubes
      • Uterus
      • Vagina
      • Vulva
      • Perineum
      • Mammary glands
      • Testis and scrotum
      • Reproductive system ducts in the male
      • Accessory sex glands
      • Semen
      • Penis
      • Perineum
    • Physiology of the Reproductive System
    • Define and describe the physiology of the reproductive system
      • Ovarian and endometrial cycles
      • Female reproductive hormones
      • Endocrine regulation of female reproduction
      • Erection, lubrication and orgasm
      • Pregnancy
      • Parturition
      • Spermatogenesis
      • Erection, emission and ejaculation
      • Endocrine regulation of male reproduction
    • Reproductive System Pathology
      • Define and describe disorders of the reproductive system
      • Male reproductive system
        • testicular disorders
        • trauma
        • torsion
        • carcinoma
          • germ cell tumor (germinoma)
          • teratoma
          • embryonal cell tumor
        • epididymitis
        • hypogonadism
        • orchiditis
        • prostatic carcinoma
        • benign prostatic hyperplasia
      • Female reproductive system
        • vulva and vagina
        • cervix
          • cervicitis
          • cervical dysplasia
          • eversion
          • polyps
          • carcinoma
        • uterus
          • endometrial hyperplasia
          • endometriosis
          • fibroids
          • pelvic inflammatory disease
          • carcinoma
        • fallopian tubes
          • salpingitis
        • ovaries
          • Stein-Leventhal syndrome
          • ovarian cysts
          • carcinoma
        • breasts
          • chronic cystic mastitis
          • fat necrosis of the breast
          • fibrocystic breast disease
          • fibroadenoma
          • carcinoma
        • pregnancy
          • morning sickness
          • preeclampsia
          • eclampsia
          • toxemia
          • ectopic pregnancy
          • miscarriage
          • placenta previa
          • hydatidiform mole
          • gestational diabetes
        • sexually transmitted diseases
          • chlamydia
          • gonorrhea
          • herpes simplex (genital herpes)
          • human papillomavirus
          • syphilis
          • genital warts (venereal warts)
          • trichomoniasis
          • candidiasis (candida albicans)
          • genital warts (venereal warts)
          • bacterial vaginosis
          • trichomoniasis
          • vulvadynia
          • carcinoma
ITEC qualifications: International Objective
ITEC qualifications: UK Objective
Massage & Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx) Content Outline
  • ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (14%)
  • A. System structure
    • Circulation
    • Digestive
    • Endocrine
    • Integumentary
    • Lymphatic
    • Muscular
    • Nervous
    • Reproduction
    • Respiratory
    • Skeletal
    • Special Senses
    • Urinary
  • B. System function
    • Circulation
    • Digestive
    • Endocrine
    • Integumentary
    • Lymphatic
    • Muscular
    • Nervous
    • Reproduction
    • Respiratory
    • Skeletal
    • Special Senses
    • Urinary
  • C. Healthcare related and medical terminology
  • D. Tissue injury and repair
  • KINESIOLOGY (11%) 
    • A. Components and characteristics of muscles
    • B. Concepts of muscle contractions
    • C. Proprioceptors
    • D. Locations, attachments (origins, insertions), actions and fiber directions of muscles
    • E. Joint structure and function
    • F. Range of motion
      • Active
      • Passive
      • Resistant
Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge (MTBoK) Objective
National Certification Examination for Therapeutic Massage (NCETM) Content Outline Objective
National Certification Examination for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCETMB) Content Outline
  • I. General Knowledge of the Body Systems (16%)
    • A. Integumentary system
    • B. Skeletal system
    • C. Muscular system
    • D. Nervous system
    • E. Endocrine system
    • F. Cardiovascular system
    • G. Lymphatic system
    • H. Urinary system
    • I. Respiratory system
    • J. Gastrointestinal system
    • K. Reproductive system
    • M. Medical terminology Resource
 
 
II. Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology (19%)
Learning objective POEM resource
A. Anatomy (includes structure and/or location) Resource
  1. anatomical position and terminology (e.g., planes; directions) Resource
  2. individual muscles/muscle groups Resource
  3. muscle attachments Resource
  4. muscle fiber direction Resource
  5. tendons Resource
  6. fascia/connective tissue Resource
  7. joint structure Resource
  8. ligaments Resource
  9. bursae Resource
  10. dermatomes Resource
  11. primary and extraordinary meridians Resource
B. Physiology (function) Resource
  1. response of the body to stress Resource
  2. basic principles of nutrition Resource
  3. mind-body connection Resource
  4. relaxation response Resource
  5. reciprocal inhibition Resource
C. Kinesiology (movement) Resource
  1. actions of individual muscles/muscle groups Resource
  2. types of muscle contractions (e.g. concentric; eccentric; isometric) Resource
  3. joint movements (e.g., flexion; extension) Resource
  4. movement patterns (e.g., lifting; walking) Resource
  5. proprioception (e.g., awareness of body’s position and movement through space) Resource
  6. postural alignment Resource
 
 
III. Pathology (13%)
Learning objective POEM resource
A. Etiology (cause) of disease Resource
B. Modes of contagious disease transmission (e.g., blood; saliva; parasites) Resource
C. Terminology, signs and symptoms of disease Resource
D. Psychological and emotional states (e.g., depression; anxiety; grief) Resource
E. Effects of life stages (e.g., childhood; adolescence; geriatric) Resource
F. Effects of physical and emotional abuse and trauma Resource
G. Factors that aggravate or alleviate disease (e.g., biological; psychological; environmental) Resource
H. Physiological healing process Resource
I. Indications and contraindications/cautions Resource
J. Principles of acute versus chronic conditions Resource
K. Aspects of serious/terminal illness (e.g., cancer; AIDS) Resource
L. Drug interactions with massage/bodywork Resource
  1. medications (e.g., prescription; over-the-counter) Resource
  2. recreational drugs (e.g., tobacco; alcohol) Resource
  3. herbs Resource
  4. natural supplements Resource
M. Approaches used in Western medicine by other health professionals (e.g., chiropractic; physical therapy) Resource
N. Approaches used in Asian medicine by other health professionals Resource
National Certification for Advanced Practice (NCAP) test specifications report Objective

 

 

 

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